TURBUD (Bali, 3-7 April 2014)

This is the story about me and my high school friend goes to BALI!!

Tur Budaya a.k.a TURBUD is vacation in a life time with almost all of my high school friend. Especially because this school of mine is very strict at giving their student vacation this is the great chance to spent my time in this so called high school.

First day of TURBUD we still had to go to school! I didn't know what's going on but I knew that there's something wrong in this school to make the student went to school at times like that. Like really? Are we that such an un-clever student that one day off would make us all an idiot? I didn't know why but I still come to school even tough I didn't want to.

At night we all gathered at the one and only train station that I knew in Bandung. We prayed maghrib first before we leaving for Bali. At this train, we do a lot of things such as sleep almost all of the time, take selfies what I and my girls do a lot, play weird card games that say "wii" all the time, yes I knew all along that we disturb the other student but I didn't really care anyway, gossiping about this and that, and at last walking around the train because I was feeling too bored too stay sleeping. 

  

After a long long way we arrived at Surabaya and then change from train to bus. finally we gathered at one bus not in two piece like in the train. What we do at the bus is almost the same thing at the train.

We arrived late at night and then go straight to bed after unpacking our luggage. Because tomorrow day waiting for us we go to bed early.

Third day we have a busy schedule at first we went to Tanjung Benoa to do our water sport.

 Pudjamandala for Shalat and eat. After that we went straight to GWK.

After that we went dinner at Jimbaran.

forth day The first destination was Desa Adar Penglipuran to see the lives of the citizens there. They were preparing for Minister who was about to came so they seemed to be busy. it was so hot too hot to be true until I don't take any picture anymore because it's hard for me just to open up my eyes.

at night we do this thing so called makrab. 

As I got closer to the reality a.k.a school a.k.a end of this turbud a.k.a the last day I got more and more sad.

Last day we went to pandawa beach.

and then went to Bandung back.

inspiring story

The clumsy Wreck-It Ralph has been the villain of his video-game for thirty years, destroying a residential building while Fix-It Felix uses his powerful hammer to rebuild what Ralph has destroyed. During the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the game, Ralph is not invited to the party since nobody loves him. Ralph decides to win a medal to become a hero and he goes to the game Hero's Duty, commanded by the tough Sergeant Calhoun, where he sees the chance of winning the medal. Ralph collects the aimed medal, but when he is returning to his game, he brings accidentally one enemy Cy-Bug with him. Ralph accidentally crashes his plane in the kart-racing game Sugar Rush and loses his medal. When he is ready to retrieve it, the annoying glitch Vanellope von Schweetz takes the medal and uses it to dispute a kart racing in her game. Meanwhile Felix is seeking out Ralph to tell him that their game will be shut down since he is missing. Felix meets Sergeant Calhoun that tells him that the Cy-Bug would destroy any game and he immediately falls in love with her. Ralph helps Vanellope to build her own racing car and becomes her hero; but soon he is convinced by King Candy that Vanellope is just a glitch and she may destroy Sugar Rush. Ralph destroys her car and her dreams expecting to protect Vanellope. But when he sees her picture on the cabinet of Sugar Rush, he learns that something is wrong in the explanation of King Candy.

QUESTION

1.       What happen after Litwak’s Arcade closes at night?

a.       Video characters free to travel

b.      Fix-it-felix celebrate its eponymous hero

c.       Ralph become villian

d.      Someone accidentally hatches Cy-Bug

e.      Ralph escape

2.       Where Ralph hatches Cy-Bug?

a.       Heroe’s Duty

b.      Wreck-it-ralph

c.       Sugar Rush

d.      Cy-Bug Home

e.      Fix it Felix Jr

3.       How Ralph save the game?

a.       Venellope crosses the finish line

b.      Ralph return to the game

c.       Ralph destruct Turbo and Cy-Bug

d.      Unplugged the other games

e.      Makes Felix amd Calhoun marry each other

4.       What Ralph wants to be?

a.       Villian

b.      Felix

c.       Hero

d.      On the other game

e.      King

5.       Who Ralph bought along to the Sugar Rush?

a.       Venellope

b.      Turbo

c.       King Candy

d.      Cy-bug

e.      Hero

6.       What is brinicle?

a.       Ice stalactite

b.      Sea ice

c.       Area of ocean water

d.      Hollow stalactite

e.      Icicle

7.       Brinicle will self-sustaining when…

a.       Ice accumulates around the down-flowing clod jet

b.      The brinicle becomes thick enough

c.       It forms aninsulating layer

d.      Saline water from diffusing

e.      Ice jacket surronding

8.       Brinicle known since…

a.       1906

b.      1960

c.       2011

d.      1947

e.      1974

9.       What is brinicle channels…

a.       Channels at BBC

b.      Brinicle channels

c.       Tiny tunnels

d.      Frozen pure water

e.      Icicle

10.   When brinicle form was filmed for the first time…

a.       2011

b.      1906

c.       1947

d.      1974

e.      1960

MOVIE REVIEW

Wreck It Ralph

source : image

When Litwak's Arcade closes at night, the various video game characters leave their normal in-game roles and are free to travel to other games through the power cables. The characters within the game Fix-It Felix, Jr. celebrate its eponymous hero, but loathe the game's villain character, Wreck-It Ralph. At a support group for video game villains, Ralph reveals his desire to stop being a villain. Ostracized from his game's 30th anniversary celebration, Ralph believes he can be accepted by earning a medal, just as Felix does in their game. He learns he can find one in the first person rail shooter Hero's Duty and enters the game, collecting the medal between game sessions. In the process, he accidentally hatches a Cy-Bug, one of the game's enemies. The Cy-Bug clings to Ralph as he stumbles into an escape pod that launches him out of the game. Meanwhile, with Ralph missing, a player reports Fix-It Felix, Jr. to arcade staff as malfunctioning. Broken games will be unplugged, leaving their characters homeless, so Felix leaves to retrieve Ralph.
Ralph crash-lands in Sugar Rush, a candy themed kart-racing game. As he searches for his medal, he meets Vanellope von Schweetz, a glitchy character who takes the medal and uses it to buy entry into a race that determines the game's roster. The other racers, including the game's ruler King Candy, refuse to let Vanellope participate, claiming she was never intended to be part of the game. Sympathetic toward the friendless Vanellope, Ralph helps build her a kart and teaches her how to drive. Meanwhile, Felix enters Hero's Duty and encounters Sergeant Calhoun, the game's no-nonsense leader, who warns that Cy-Bugs will destroy any game they enter. As the pair search for Ralph and the Cy-Bug in Sugar Rush, they separate when Felix, enamored with Calhoun, inadvertently reminds her of her late fiancé. Calhoun finds an enormous clutch of Cy-Bug eggs underground, and Felix becomes imprisoned in King Candy's castle.
Desperate, King Candy hacks the game's code to retrieve Ralph's medal and offers it to Ralph, claiming that letting Vanellope race would be disastrous for both her and the game. Fearing for Vanellope's safety, Ralph wrecks her kart and returns to his own game, but finds everyone has fled, expecting the game to be unplugged in the morning. Ralph then notices Vanellope's image on the Sugar Rush cabinet and realizes she is an intended part of the game. Ralph returns to Sugar Rush, rescues Felix and Vanellope, and has Felix fix the wrecked kart. With the race ongoing, the Cy-Bugs attack. When Vanellope catches up to King Candy, her glitching reveals that he is actually Turbo, a character from an older racing game who sabotaged a newer game out of jealousy, causing both to be unplugged. Vanellope escapes from Turbo, who is consumed by a Cy-Bug.
The populace flees Sugar Rush, but Vanellope cannot pass through the exit because she is a glitch. Calhoun remarks that the game cannot be saved without a beacon to attract and kill the Cy-Bugs. Ralph heads to Diet Cola Mountain, an unfinished game track, where he plans on collapsing its Mentos stalactites into its cola pool to cause a blinding eruption to use as a beacon. Before he can finish, Turbo, merged with the Cy-Bug that had consumed him, carries Ralph into the sky. Ralph breaks free and dives toward the mountain, intending to sacrifice himself to start the eruption on impact. Vanellope uses her glitching to save Ralph, and the eruption draws Turbo and the Cy-Bugs to their destruction. Vanellope crosses the finish line, restoring her memory and status as Princess Vanellope, the game's ruler and lead character. Felix and Ralph return to their game in time to save it from being unplugged. Calhoun and Felix marry, and the characters of Fix-It Felix, Jr. gain a new respect for Ralph.

source : image

"I’m bad, and that’s good. I will never be good, and that’s not bad. There’s no one I’d rather be than me." - Ralph

source : wikipedia

to invinitive

1.Kathy wants to study with her friends.

2.She didn’t hesitate to tell  the boss that some employees were stealing office supplies.

3.The Martin Family offered to watch their neighbor’s dog for the whole week.

4.The school promised to help  me find an apartment.

5.We want to visit  all of the historic sites in Tehran.

6.To live  a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire.

7.To fix  a car requires a lot more than a screwdriver.

8.I shudder to think that I almost lost everything in the stock market.

9.Sharon volunteered to help the student with his math.

10.She paid the mechanic to fix the ca

gerrund

1. A friend of mine was accused of stealing food

2. My wife is out shopping right now

3. When Sarah is playing music she is happy

4. He enjoys not working.

5. James was washing up when I saw him yesterday

6. I regret spending so much money on shoes

7. The grass wants cutting this weekend

8.The best thing for your health is not smoking.

9.The most important thing is learning.

10.She suggested going to a movie.

If

1.

I. If I study,I will pass the exam.

II. If I studied, I would pass the exam.

III. If I had studied,I would have passed the exam

2.

I. If I have a super power, I'll be a villain.

II. If I had a super power, I'd be a villain.

III. If I had had a super power, I'd have been a villain.

3.

I. If you treat me some ice-cream, I'll stick to you.

II. If you treated me some ice-cream, I'd stick to you.

III. If you had treated me some ice-cream, I'd have stuck to you.

4.

I. If she trust him, she'll be doomed.

II. If she trusted him, she'd be doomed.

III. If she had trusted him, she'd have been doomed.

5.

I. If you hate them, they'll attack you.

II. If you hated them, they'd attack you.

III. If you had hated them, they'd have attacked you.

6.

I. If my cat get hungry, it'll eat something.

II. If my cat got hungry, it'd eat something.

III. If my cat had gotten hungry, it'd have eaten something.

7.

I. If you laugh too much, you'll cry afterwards.

II. If you laughed too much, you'd cry afterwards.

III. If you had laughed too much, you'd cried afterwards.

8.

I. If I stay awake, you'll sing me a lullaby.

II. If I stayed awake, you'd sing me a lullaby.

III. If I had stayed awake, you'd have sung me a lullaby.

9.

I. If I mess up, you'll stand with me.

II. If I messed up, you'd stand with me.

III. If I had messed up, you'd have stood with me.

10.

I. If I cry, you'll be there.

II. If I cried, you'd be there.

III. If I had cried, you'd have been there.

Brinicle

A brinicle (brine icicle, also known as ice stalactite) forms beneath sea ice when a flow of extremely cold, saline water is introduced to an area of ocean water, being the undersea equivalent of a hollow stalactite or icicle.

Known since the 1960s, the generally accepted model of their formation was proposed by the US oceanographer Seelye Martin in 1974. The formation of a brinicle was first filmed in 2011 by producer Kathryn Jeffs and cameramen Hugh Miller and Doug Andersonfor the BBC series Frozen Planet.

Structure

At the time of its creation, a brinicle resembles a pipe of ice reaching down from the underside of a layer of sea ice. Inside the pipe is the supercold, supersaline water being produced by the growth of the sea ice above, accumulated through brine channels. At first, a brinicle is very fragile; its walls are thin and it is largely the constant flow of colder brine that sustains its growth and hinders its melt that would be caused by the contact with the less cold surrounding water. However, as ice accumulates and becomes thicker, the brinicle becomes more stable.

A brinicle can, under the proper conditions, reach down to the seafloor. To do so, the flow of supercold brine from the icepack overhead must continue, the surrounding water must be significantly less saline than the brine, the water cannot be very deep, the overhead sea ice pack must be still, and currents in the area must be minimal or still. If the surrounding water is too saline, its freezing point will be too low to create a significant amount of ice around the brine plume. If the water is too deep, the brinicle is likely to break free under its own weight before reaching the seafloor. If the icepack is mobile or currents too strong, strain will break the brinicle.

Under the right conditions, including favorable ocean floor topography, a brine pool may be created. However, unlike brine pools created by cold seeps, brinicle brine pools are likely to be very transient as the brine supply will eventually cease.

On reaching the seafloor, it will continue to accumulate ice as surrounding water freezes. The brine will travel along the seafloor in a down-slope direction until it reaches the lowest possible point, where it will pool. Any bottom-dwelling sea creatures, such as starfish orsea urchins can be caught in this expanding web of ice and be trapped, ultimately freezing to death.

Formation

The formation of ice from salt water produces marked changes in the composition of the unfrozen water. When water freezes, most impurities are forced out of solution; even ice from seawater is relatively fresh compared with the seawater it is formed from. As a result of forcing the impurities out, sea ice is very porous and spongelike, quite different from the solid ice produced when fresh water freezes.

As the seawater freezes and salt is forced out of the pure ice crystal lattice, the surrounding water becomes more saline. This lowers its freezing temperature and increases its density. The lower freezing temperature means that the surrounding water does not freeze to the ice immediately, and the higher density means that it sinks. Thus tiny tunnels called brine channels are created all through the ice as this supersaline, supercooled water sinks away from the frozen pure water. The stage is now set for the creation of a brinicle.

source: image

As this supercooled saline water reaches unfrozen seawater below the ice, it will cause the creation of additional ice. If the brine channels are relatively evenly distributed, the ice pack grows downward evenly. However, if brine channels are concentrated in one small area, the downward flow of the cold water, now so saline that it cannot freeze at its normal freezing point, begins to interact with unfrozen seawater as a flow. Just as hot air from a fire rises as a plume, this cold water descends as a plume. Its outer edges begin to accumulate a layer of ice as the surrounding water, cooled by this jet to below its freezing point, ices up. This is a brinicle: an inverted "chimney" of ice enclosing a downward flow of this supercold, supersaline water.

When the brinicle becomes thick enough, it becomes self-sustaining. As ice accumulates around the down-flowing cold jet, it forms aninsulating layer that prevents the cold, saline water from diffusing and warming. As a result, the ice jacket surrounding the jet grows downward with the flow. It is like an icicle turned inside-out; rather than cold air freezing liquid water into layers, down-rushing cold water is freezing the surrounding water, enabling it to descend even deeper. As it does, it creates more ice, and the brinicle grows longer.

A brinicle is limited in size by the depth of the water, the growth of the overlying sea ice fueling its flow, and the surrounding water itself. In 2011, brinicle formation was filmed for the first time.

source: wikipedia

holidayyyy

Have you ever gone travelling? Some people say that travelling is the most pleasing thing to do. Do you agree?

Holiday is the time where I can do whatever I want and less care about anything and of course forget about school. Too bad my school didn't let me do that, my school loved me so much to the point where they didn't want me having holiday without any task.

So, before I enjoyed it. I must finished it first. It wasn't as easy as I thought so instead of finishing it on my own until the rest of my life. I went to my uncle place who is a little bit major on this so called 'gamtek'. We finished it only for five hours or so. The monochromatic turned out not really that bad because of his help.

Here is my monochromatic task:

The first week of holiday I spent it with lazed around, sleeping and enjoyed the time as much as I can. We went nowhere because my parents job had been pilled up because of the end of the year nearly come.

In order to replaced time where they can not spent it with us , we went to Bali Island with my family. I was so excited until the point of I couldn't have enough sleep even though it is not the first time I went there. I didn't know why but it seems that I couldn't get bored of this island. The first thing which came to my mind at the first time I arrived at Ngurah Rai Airport was beach. When I stepped out from the plane, the smell of sea water already creep into my mind. It made me more excited to start our vacation. My family and I visited many interesting places in Bali. Even though there are so many beaches in Bali, I was not bored with them because each beach was have their own kind of way to show their beauty.

Tanah Lot is a rocky beach with wild waves. It has big caves and rocks surround the beach. Uluwatu lies on the top of cliff. From that place we could see the sea view which was the most gorgeous scenery I have ever seen.

Kuta Beach is maybe the most famous beach in Bali. There were both local and foreign tourists surfing or just sun bathing. The best time to come to Kuta Beach is in the evening to see the sun set. It was so romantic, even though we went there with family we can still feel the romantic.

Tanjung Benoa is a very nice beach. The wind and waves were just right to do water sport. I did not want to miss this chance and tried to do parasailing. At first, I was so afraid because I would be flying high. It was my first time to do this kind of sport even though it was not the first time I went here. It turned out that when I was 'flying', I enjoyed it very much. I could see the view of the city from the sky, and it was very gorgeous.

Beside the beaches, Bali Island is also famous for its culture. I could see it from the Balinese's life. Along the road I saw that almost all buildings have small pura at the front side. Every morning, they always pray and put sajen, or offerings, at their pura, house, shop, or even in their car. I also saw the abundance of Balinese culture through the well known dances of Bali, Barong and Kecak.

Barong Dance tells about a fight between good and evil, between Barong and Rangda. At the end, Barong won, and Rangda ran away. I was amazed by the female dancers. They were so beautiful and their movements were supple, yet energetic at the same time. In the evening, I watched Kecak Dance. The story in Kecak Dance is taken from Ramayana. I had the impression that Kecak Dance was mystical but also astonishing at the same time.

At the end of the trip, we went to Sukawati Market to buy souvenirs for ourselves and friends.You could find almost anything about Bali in Sukawati Market. I found a lot of things there and spent almost all of my pocket money. What make this market special are the friendly sellers and friendly price. The goods are so cheap if you know how to bargain.

Finally, we have come to the end of my trip in Bali.I felt that time run so fast. I was so sad because I had to leave that beautiful place. In Bali, I did not only visit beautiful places but I also learned about its culture. I would always remember my beautiful trip in Bali and promised myself to go back there again another time.

THE END-

NEXT LEADER

To my beloved teachers, fellow students, candidates, the faculty and staffs, and to our guest, a pleasant day to all! First and foremost, I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for being here, for your time, for allowing me to share my ideas, and for having this election, without your presence this election wouldn't be of great success.

Actually, I’m out or words right now, as I stare at you guys because I’m impressively mesmerized by how gorgeous and handsome my audience are that I could hardly remember what I was supposed to say. As I stand here in front of you, I know most of us know my purpose of speaking in such a big crowd. I’m here to introduce myself among those who don’t know me. By the way I am Irna Safitri, I’m on my second of studying here. I’d like to run in the position of becoming your next student president. For the past years, I’ve been a dedicated student with a passionate heart to serve others.

As a student, I know the needs of my fellow students and that most of us wants to see improvement in this school. If a given a chance to become your president, I will make sure that what most of us wants would be implemented. One of my platforms is to implement a systematic enrollment process. This is always the problem we students encounter during enrolment and so having a systemized procedure and steps could make us avoid hassle and queries. Another is the constant updates of announcements and posting calendar of activities through Bulletin Boards and other ways so that majority will know the upcoming activities. I have lots of ideas for the betterment of the majority. I may not state them one by one ‘cause that may bored you and besides I don’t want to make this speech any longer. One thing’s for sure that I will do my very best to attend to your needs and wants. I will not promise anything for a promise is just a word of honor, but I will surely be committed and that is far greater than a promise.

snowflakes.

snowflakes fell from heaven up above
covered with the plain, boring white
while I sat there beneath the darken' sky
they were so gentle, yet almost cruel
I titled my head and saw heavy grayish sky
it was pitch dark
as if it was devours both my body and soul

Analytical Exposition

Controlling Bobotoh Persib

Bobotoh is a nickname for the supporter of Persib (Pesatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Bandung). This name was taken from Sundanese language that means "people that push or built the strength for other people." Even tough Persib's from Bandung this so called 'bobotoh' is spread all over West Java and there's some of them that come from outside the West Java such as Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, etc. There are also 'Bobotoh' from Singapore.

Just like another football supporter 'Bobotoh' always come every time Persib play, no matter where, when or with who they always come to support with all of their heart. They willing to pay for transportation and the ticket for watch their favorite football club. They scream, play trumpet, and many more to make sure that the player get more confidence with their presence. Their support is helping to make the player feel less pressure anyway. 

But sometimes they clustered like some of delinquent that make people afraid to get closer when they're in group like that. Because sometimes they became lose control even when there're police. They look like that they about to destroy everything that interfere their way. Sometimes they go anarchy just because their team lose or something that make them unhappy. Even tough not all of the Bobotoh are like that but people already have a mindset that they're like that. The Bobotoh also sometimes make a traffic jam because of their parade.

So, at the end Bobotoh is needed because we need someone or some group to support our time to get their confidence back. But, we also need to control this so called Bobotoh, they not allowed to be anarchy and not supposed to make people aftaid of them. Police also need to do something about the traffic jam that they make. Because it's really hinder the other people.

If I....

If I get IDR 1.000.000....
1. I'll buy gold, house, or apartment for infestation.
2. I'll buy ticket that can take me anywhere.
3. I'll buy time machine.
4. I'll buy private island and jet.
5. I'll buy a mall so I can fulfill my needs.
6. I'll make 'dream come true' machine.
7. I'll give it to my parents.
8. I'll save it for later.
9. I'll have my own company.
10. I'll be happy.

I'll be happy if I...
1. become rich without working.
2. have a lot of holiday.
3. hang out with people that I want.
4. become smart without studying.
5. gather with my family.
6. have no problem.
7. can eat everything and stay slim and healthy.
8. have no task and obligation.
9. can have eveything that I want and I need.
10. nothing's going wrong.

question about the scholarship at harvard medical shcool

1. Who can apply to HMS to participate in Exchange Clerk Program?
2. Who selected Students from these foreign school?

Anouncement ( Scholarship at Harvard Medical School)

Visiting Medical Students Participating in Exchange Programs through the HMS Scholars in Medicine Office

Medical students in their final year of school can apply to Harvard Medical School (HMS) to participate in the Exchange Clerk Program. Thousands of students from the United States and abroad apply to this program each year to participate in clinical electives at HMS. To apply for clerkships and for more information on scheduling, tuition, courses, and any other information about the Exchange Clerk Program, visit: http://exclerk.hms.harvard.edu.Exchange Program StudentsHarvard Medical School has agreements with a small number of medical schools internationally to send medical students to each other's school to participate in clinical elective training. Students from these foreign schools are selected by their schools to participate in the exchange clerkship program. These schools notify the Scholars in Medicine Office about the students they have selected.We recommend that the students selected to participate in this exchange program prepare your applications well in advance of the online application deadline. Please send an email tokari_hannibal@hms.harvard.edu with the clerkship months you requested once you apply online. You should send your paper documentation to Kari Hannibal, Program Manager, HMS Scholars in Medicine Office, no later than the online application deadline. Completed paper documentation should be mailed to:Kari HannibalScholars in Medicine Office, Harvard Medical School260 Longwood Avenue, Suite 265, Boston, MA 02115, USATel: 617-432-1573Chilean medical students in Santiago may want to look at the Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies webpage for additional information.For information on housing in Boston, go to: Vanderbilt Hall for information on applying to Vanderbilt Hall, the dormitory of Harvard Medical School. Students regularly find off-campus housing listings on Craigslist Boston or the off-campus housing bulletin board on the Vanderbilt Hall website.Students who are participating on these exchange programs should notify Kari Hannibal in the first three days of their arrival in Boston. Kari can be reached atkari_hannibal@hms.harvard.edu or at 617-432-1573.

source : click here.

HISTORY

The common guinea pig was first domesticated as early as 5000 BC for food by tribes in the Andean region of South America (present-day the southern part of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia),^[8] some thousands of years after the domestication of the South Americancamelids.^[9] Statues dating from ca. 500 BC to 500 AD that depict guinea pigs have been unearthed in archaeological digs in Peru and Ecuador.^[10] The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted the guinea pig in their art.^[11] From ca. 1200 AD to the Spanish conquest in 1532, selective breeding resulted in many varieties of domestic guinea pigs, which form the basis for some of the modern domestic breeds.^[12] They continue to be a food source in the region; many households in the Andean highlands raise the animal, which subsists off the family's vegetable scraps.^[13] Folklore traditions involving guinea pigs are numerous; they are exchanged as gifts, used in customary social and religious ceremonies, and frequently referenced in spoken metaphors.^[14] They also play a role in traditional healing rituals by folk doctors, or curanderos, who use the animals to diagnose diseases such as jaundice, rheumatism,arthritis, and typhus.^[15] They are rubbed against the bodies of the sick, and are seen as a supernatural medium.^[16] Black guinea pigs are considered especially useful for diagnoses.^[17] The animal also may be cut open and its entrails examined to determine whether the cure was effective.^[18] These methods are widely accepted in many parts of the Andes, where Western medicine is either unavailable or distrusted.^[19]

Spanish, Dutch, and English traders brought guinea pigs to Europe, where they quickly became popular as exotic pets among the upper classes and royalty, including Queen Elizabeth I.^[8] The earliest known written account of the guinea pig dates from 1547, in a description of the animal from Santo Domingo; because cavies are not native to Hispaniola, it was earlier believed that the animal was likely introduced there by Spanish travelers.^[1] However, based on more recent excavations on West Indian islands, it has become known that the animal must have been introduced by ceramic-making horticulturalists from South America to the Caribbean around 500 BC,^[20]and it was present in the Ostionoid period, for example, on Puerto Rico,^[21] long before the advent of the Spaniards. The guinea pig was first described in the West in 1554 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner.^[22] Its binomial scientific name was first used by Erxleben in 1777; it is an amalgam of Pallas' generic designation (1766) and Linnaeus' specific conferral (1758).^[1] The earliest known illustration of a domestic guinea pig is a painting (artist unknown) in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, dated to 1580, which shows a girl in typical Elizabethan dress holding a tortoise-shell guinea pig in her hands; she is flanked by her two brothers, one of whom holds a pet bird.^[23] The picture dates from the same period as the oldest recorded guinea pig remains in England, which are a partial cavy skeleton found at Hill Hall (Essex), an Elizabethan manor house, and dated to around 1575.^[23]

NAME

The scientific name of the common species is Cavia porcellus, with porcellus being Latin for "little pig". Cavia is New Latin; it is derived from cabiai, the animal's name in the language of the Galibi tribes once native to French Guiana.^[24] Cabiai may be an adaptation of thePortuguese çavia (now savia), which is itself derived from the Tupi word saujá, meaning rat.^[25] Guinea pigs are called quwi or jaca inQuechua and cuy or cuyo (pl. cuyes, cuyos) in the Spanish of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.^[26] Ironically, breeders tend to use the more formal "cavy" to describe the animal, while in scientific and laboratory contexts it is far more commonly referred to by the more colloquial "guinea pig".^[27]

How the animals came to be called "pigs" is not clear. They are built somewhat like pigs, with large heads relative to their bodies, stout necks, and rounded rumps with no tail of any consequence; some of the sounds they emit are very similar to those made by pigs, and they also spend a large amount of time eating.^[28] They can survive for long periods in small quarters, like a 'pig pen', and were thus easily transported on ships to Europe.^[29]

The animal's name carries porcine connotations in many European languages. The German word for them is Meerschweinchen, literally "sea piglet", which has been translated into Polish as świnka morska, into Hungarian as tengerimalac and into Russian as морская свинка. This derives from the Middle High German name "merswin". This originally meant "dolphin" and was used because of the animals' grunting sounds (which were felt to be similar).^[30] There are however many other, possibly less scientifically based explanations of the German name. For example, sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat. The French term is Cochon d'Inde (Indian pig) or cobaye; the Dutch call itGuinees biggetje (Guinean piglet) or cavia (while in some Dutch dialects it is called Spaanse rat); and in Portuguese the guinea pig is variously referred to as cobaia, from the Tupi word via its Latinization, or as porquinho da Índia (little Indian pig). This is not universal; for example, the common word in Spanish is conejillo de Indias (little rabbit of the Indies).^[26] The Chinese refer to them as Holland pigs (荷蘭豬, hélánzhū). The Japanese word for guinea pig is "モルモット"(morumotto), which derives from the name of another mountain-dwelling rodent, the marmot; this is what guinea pigs were called by the Dutch traders who first brought them to Nagasaki in 1843.

The origin of "guinea" in "guinea pig" is harder to explain. One proposed explanation is that the animals were brought to Europe by way of Guinea, leading people to think they had originated there.^[27] "Guinea" was also frequently used in English to refer generally to any far-off, unknown country, and so the name may simply be a colorful reference to the animal's exotic appeal.^[31][32] Another hypothesis suggests the "guinea" in the name is a corruption of "Guiana", an area in South America, though the animals are not native to that region.^[31][33] A common misconception is that they were so named because they were sold for the price of a guinea coin; this hypothesis is untenable, because the guinea was first struck in England in 1663, and William Harvey used the term "Ginny-pig" as early as 1653.^[34] Others believe "guinea" may be an alteration of the word coney (rabbit); guinea pigs were referred to as "pig coneys" in Edward Topsell's 1607 treatise on quadrupeds.^[27]

]

Two parti-colored Abyssinian guinea pigs

TRAITS AND ENCIRONMENT

Guinea pigs are large for rodents, weighing between 700 and 1200 g (1.5–2.5 pounds), and measuring between 20 and 25 cm (8–10 inches) in length.^[35] They typically live an average of four to five years, but may live as long as eight years.^[36] According to the 2006 Guinness Book of Records the longest living guinea pig survived 14 years, 10.5 months.^[37]

In the 1990s, a minority scientific opinion emerged proposing that caviomorphs, such as guinea pigs,chinchillas, and degus, are not rodents and should be reclassified as a separate order of mammals (similar to lagomorphs).^[38][39] Subsequent research using wider sampling has restored consensus among mammalian biologists that the current classification of rodents as monophyletic is justified.^[40][41]

Tri parti-colored (white, brown and black) guinea pig in its natural habitat.

NATURAL HABITS

Cavia porcellus is not found naturally in the wild; it is likely descendant from some closely related species of cavies, such as Cavia aperea, Cavia fulgida, and Cavia tschudii, which are still commonly found in various regions of South America.^[1] Some species of cavy identified in the 20th century, such as Cavia anolaimae and Cavia guianae, may be domestic guinea pigs that have become feral by reintroduction into the wild.^[12] Wild cavies are found on grassy plains and occupy an ecological nichesimilar to that of the cow. They are social, living in the wild in small groups which consist of several females (sows), a male (boar), and the young (which in a break with the preceding porcinenomenclature are called pups). They move together in groups (herds) eating grass or other vegetation, and do not store food.^[42] While they do not burrow or build nests, they frequently seek shelter in the burrows of other animals, as well as in crevices and tunnels formed by vegetation.^[42] They arecrepuscular, tending to be most active during dawn and dusk, when it is harder for predators to spot them.^[43]

source : wikipedia , picture