to invinitive

1.Kathy wants to study with her friends.

2.She didn’t hesitate to tell  the boss that some employees were stealing office supplies.

3.The Martin Family offered to watch their neighbor’s dog for the whole week.

4.The school promised to help  me find an apartment.

5.We want to visit  all of the historic sites in Tehran.

6.To live  a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire.

7.To fix  a car requires a lot more than a screwdriver.

8.I shudder to think that I almost lost everything in the stock market.

9.Sharon volunteered to help the student with his math.

10.She paid the mechanic to fix the ca

gerrund

1. A friend of mine was accused of stealing food

2. My wife is out shopping right now

3. When Sarah is playing music she is happy

4. He enjoys not working.

5. James was washing up when I saw him yesterday

6. I regret spending so much money on shoes

7. The grass wants cutting this weekend

8.The best thing for your health is not smoking.

9.The most important thing is learning.

10.She suggested going to a movie.

If

1.

I. If I study,I will pass the exam.

II. If I studied, I would pass the exam.

III. If I had studied,I would have passed the exam

2.

I. If I have a super power, I'll be a villain.

II. If I had a super power, I'd be a villain.

III. If I had had a super power, I'd have been a villain.

3.

I. If you treat me some ice-cream, I'll stick to you.

II. If you treated me some ice-cream, I'd stick to you.

III. If you had treated me some ice-cream, I'd have stuck to you.

4.

I. If she trust him, she'll be doomed.

II. If she trusted him, she'd be doomed.

III. If she had trusted him, she'd have been doomed.

5.

I. If you hate them, they'll attack you.

II. If you hated them, they'd attack you.

III. If you had hated them, they'd have attacked you.

6.

I. If my cat get hungry, it'll eat something.

II. If my cat got hungry, it'd eat something.

III. If my cat had gotten hungry, it'd have eaten something.

7.

I. If you laugh too much, you'll cry afterwards.

II. If you laughed too much, you'd cry afterwards.

III. If you had laughed too much, you'd cried afterwards.

8.

I. If I stay awake, you'll sing me a lullaby.

II. If I stayed awake, you'd sing me a lullaby.

III. If I had stayed awake, you'd have sung me a lullaby.

9.

I. If I mess up, you'll stand with me.

II. If I messed up, you'd stand with me.

III. If I had messed up, you'd have stood with me.

10.

I. If I cry, you'll be there.

II. If I cried, you'd be there.

III. If I had cried, you'd have been there.

Brinicle

A brinicle (brine icicle, also known as ice stalactite) forms beneath sea ice when a flow of extremely cold, saline water is introduced to an area of ocean water, being the undersea equivalent of a hollow stalactite or icicle.

Known since the 1960s, the generally accepted model of their formation was proposed by the US oceanographer Seelye Martin in 1974. The formation of a brinicle was first filmed in 2011 by producer Kathryn Jeffs and cameramen Hugh Miller and Doug Andersonfor the BBC series Frozen Planet.

Structure

At the time of its creation, a brinicle resembles a pipe of ice reaching down from the underside of a layer of sea ice. Inside the pipe is the supercold, supersaline water being produced by the growth of the sea ice above, accumulated through brine channels. At first, a brinicle is very fragile; its walls are thin and it is largely the constant flow of colder brine that sustains its growth and hinders its melt that would be caused by the contact with the less cold surrounding water. However, as ice accumulates and becomes thicker, the brinicle becomes more stable.

A brinicle can, under the proper conditions, reach down to the seafloor. To do so, the flow of supercold brine from the icepack overhead must continue, the surrounding water must be significantly less saline than the brine, the water cannot be very deep, the overhead sea ice pack must be still, and currents in the area must be minimal or still. If the surrounding water is too saline, its freezing point will be too low to create a significant amount of ice around the brine plume. If the water is too deep, the brinicle is likely to break free under its own weight before reaching the seafloor. If the icepack is mobile or currents too strong, strain will break the brinicle.

Under the right conditions, including favorable ocean floor topography, a brine pool may be created. However, unlike brine pools created by cold seeps, brinicle brine pools are likely to be very transient as the brine supply will eventually cease.

On reaching the seafloor, it will continue to accumulate ice as surrounding water freezes. The brine will travel along the seafloor in a down-slope direction until it reaches the lowest possible point, where it will pool. Any bottom-dwelling sea creatures, such as starfish orsea urchins can be caught in this expanding web of ice and be trapped, ultimately freezing to death.

Formation

The formation of ice from salt water produces marked changes in the composition of the unfrozen water. When water freezes, most impurities are forced out of solution; even ice from seawater is relatively fresh compared with the seawater it is formed from. As a result of forcing the impurities out, sea ice is very porous and spongelike, quite different from the solid ice produced when fresh water freezes.

As the seawater freezes and salt is forced out of the pure ice crystal lattice, the surrounding water becomes more saline. This lowers its freezing temperature and increases its density. The lower freezing temperature means that the surrounding water does not freeze to the ice immediately, and the higher density means that it sinks. Thus tiny tunnels called brine channels are created all through the ice as this supersaline, supercooled water sinks away from the frozen pure water. The stage is now set for the creation of a brinicle.

source: image

As this supercooled saline water reaches unfrozen seawater below the ice, it will cause the creation of additional ice. If the brine channels are relatively evenly distributed, the ice pack grows downward evenly. However, if brine channels are concentrated in one small area, the downward flow of the cold water, now so saline that it cannot freeze at its normal freezing point, begins to interact with unfrozen seawater as a flow. Just as hot air from a fire rises as a plume, this cold water descends as a plume. Its outer edges begin to accumulate a layer of ice as the surrounding water, cooled by this jet to below its freezing point, ices up. This is a brinicle: an inverted "chimney" of ice enclosing a downward flow of this supercold, supersaline water.

When the brinicle becomes thick enough, it becomes self-sustaining. As ice accumulates around the down-flowing cold jet, it forms aninsulating layer that prevents the cold, saline water from diffusing and warming. As a result, the ice jacket surrounding the jet grows downward with the flow. It is like an icicle turned inside-out; rather than cold air freezing liquid water into layers, down-rushing cold water is freezing the surrounding water, enabling it to descend even deeper. As it does, it creates more ice, and the brinicle grows longer.

A brinicle is limited in size by the depth of the water, the growth of the overlying sea ice fueling its flow, and the surrounding water itself. In 2011, brinicle formation was filmed for the first time.

source: wikipedia

holidayyyy

Have you ever gone travelling? Some people say that travelling is the most pleasing thing to do. Do you agree?

Holiday is the time where I can do whatever I want and less care about anything and of course forget about school. Too bad my school didn't let me do that, my school loved me so much to the point where they didn't want me having holiday without any task.

So, before I enjoyed it. I must finished it first. It wasn't as easy as I thought so instead of finishing it on my own until the rest of my life. I went to my uncle place who is a little bit major on this so called 'gamtek'. We finished it only for five hours or so. The monochromatic turned out not really that bad because of his help.

Here is my monochromatic task:

The first week of holiday I spent it with lazed around, sleeping and enjoyed the time as much as I can. We went nowhere because my parents job had been pilled up because of the end of the year nearly come.

In order to replaced time where they can not spent it with us , we went to Bali Island with my family. I was so excited until the point of I couldn't have enough sleep even though it is not the first time I went there. I didn't know why but it seems that I couldn't get bored of this island. The first thing which came to my mind at the first time I arrived at Ngurah Rai Airport was beach. When I stepped out from the plane, the smell of sea water already creep into my mind. It made me more excited to start our vacation. My family and I visited many interesting places in Bali. Even though there are so many beaches in Bali, I was not bored with them because each beach was have their own kind of way to show their beauty.

Tanah Lot is a rocky beach with wild waves. It has big caves and rocks surround the beach. Uluwatu lies on the top of cliff. From that place we could see the sea view which was the most gorgeous scenery I have ever seen.

Kuta Beach is maybe the most famous beach in Bali. There were both local and foreign tourists surfing or just sun bathing. The best time to come to Kuta Beach is in the evening to see the sun set. It was so romantic, even though we went there with family we can still feel the romantic.

Tanjung Benoa is a very nice beach. The wind and waves were just right to do water sport. I did not want to miss this chance and tried to do parasailing. At first, I was so afraid because I would be flying high. It was my first time to do this kind of sport even though it was not the first time I went here. It turned out that when I was 'flying', I enjoyed it very much. I could see the view of the city from the sky, and it was very gorgeous.

Beside the beaches, Bali Island is also famous for its culture. I could see it from the Balinese's life. Along the road I saw that almost all buildings have small pura at the front side. Every morning, they always pray and put sajen, or offerings, at their pura, house, shop, or even in their car. I also saw the abundance of Balinese culture through the well known dances of Bali, Barong and Kecak.

Barong Dance tells about a fight between good and evil, between Barong and Rangda. At the end, Barong won, and Rangda ran away. I was amazed by the female dancers. They were so beautiful and their movements were supple, yet energetic at the same time. In the evening, I watched Kecak Dance. The story in Kecak Dance is taken from Ramayana. I had the impression that Kecak Dance was mystical but also astonishing at the same time.

At the end of the trip, we went to Sukawati Market to buy souvenirs for ourselves and friends.You could find almost anything about Bali in Sukawati Market. I found a lot of things there and spent almost all of my pocket money. What make this market special are the friendly sellers and friendly price. The goods are so cheap if you know how to bargain.

Finally, we have come to the end of my trip in Bali.I felt that time run so fast. I was so sad because I had to leave that beautiful place. In Bali, I did not only visit beautiful places but I also learned about its culture. I would always remember my beautiful trip in Bali and promised myself to go back there again another time.

THE END-

NEXT LEADER

To my beloved teachers, fellow students, candidates, the faculty and staffs, and to our guest, a pleasant day to all! First and foremost, I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for being here, for your time, for allowing me to share my ideas, and for having this election, without your presence this election wouldn't be of great success.

Actually, I’m out or words right now, as I stare at you guys because I’m impressively mesmerized by how gorgeous and handsome my audience are that I could hardly remember what I was supposed to say. As I stand here in front of you, I know most of us know my purpose of speaking in such a big crowd. I’m here to introduce myself among those who don’t know me. By the way I am Irna Safitri, I’m on my second of studying here. I’d like to run in the position of becoming your next student president. For the past years, I’ve been a dedicated student with a passionate heart to serve others.

As a student, I know the needs of my fellow students and that most of us wants to see improvement in this school. If a given a chance to become your president, I will make sure that what most of us wants would be implemented. One of my platforms is to implement a systematic enrollment process. This is always the problem we students encounter during enrolment and so having a systemized procedure and steps could make us avoid hassle and queries. Another is the constant updates of announcements and posting calendar of activities through Bulletin Boards and other ways so that majority will know the upcoming activities. I have lots of ideas for the betterment of the majority. I may not state them one by one ‘cause that may bored you and besides I don’t want to make this speech any longer. One thing’s for sure that I will do my very best to attend to your needs and wants. I will not promise anything for a promise is just a word of honor, but I will surely be committed and that is far greater than a promise.